NSW Department of Primary Industries

Fencing riparian zones

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Why exclude stock from riparian zones?

Fencing waterways and controlling stock access is often regarded as the first stage to improving the waterway. Fencing will promote:

  • improved aquatic habitat for fish and other species
  • improved water quality through reduced input of faecal nutrients and sediments
  • bank stability by preventing slumping and erosion
  • reduced stock loss from bogging and drowning
  • improved aesthetic qualities of the farm.
Dairy cows are able to cross the creek and drink without further damaging the riparian vegetation

Dairy cows are able to cross the creek and drink without further damaging the riparian vegetation.

Where to put the fence: “more is better than less”

What to consider when positioning a riparian fence line

Source: Managing Stock, Land & Water Australia

When fencing the riparian zone a variety of issues need to be taken into consideration that would not apply to the rest of the farm, including flood risk and remoteness to the site for power supplies.

Fences should be placed at least 10-20m from the current bank. The official NSW DPI Fisheries recommendation is 20m. The further away the fence is placed the straighter it can be. This requires less material and less time to erect therefore reducing the capital cost of the fence and increasing environmental benefits.
If the purpose of fencing is to provide habitat for wildlife, a minimum width of 30-50m is recommended.

The width required for a functional buffer zone is influenced by the slope, the flood patterns of an area, the amount of sediment present, the sediment type, and whether sediment containing run off will be concentrated into a channel or dispersed evenly over a large area.

Sacrificing land alongside waterways will reduce future soil loss from erosion.

Flood prone areas

  • Fencing further away from the waterway, parallel to the anticipated direction of flood flow tends to result in less fence damage.
  • If fencing across the flow direction cannot be avoided, options include erecting a short section that automatically drops flat, can be manually dropped or “blows out” in times of flood.
  • Simple one to two plain wire fences with fewer posts are less likely to collect debris as the flood waters pass through, therefore less likely to be swept away. If they are swept away the financial loss will be reduced.
  • Fencing above the flood level, creating a “river paddock” for crops and periodic crash grazing or drought fodder reduces the maintenance costs of fences in flood areas.
  • Use a suspended “hanging” fence across streams and gullies, ensure this section is capable of “blowing out”, is separate from other sections of fence and strong enough to support the additional weight (use high tensile wire). Corrugated iron, planks, chains and even light weight garden mesh can be suspended across the waterway.
  • For dry stock put fence wires on the downstream side of posts so they pop their staples and drop rather than breaking, and use un-barbed staples so wires can pop more easily to three wire.
An example of flood fencing across Tarcutta Creek

An example of flood fencing across Tarcutta Creek. Photo: Luke Pearce.

What type of fence?

There are a range of fencing options and the type used will depend on the purpose, topography, size of the area, soil type, flood risk, stock type, material availability and cost.

Advantage Disadvantage Av. Cost/Km

Option 1. 2 or 3 wire electric fence
Suitable for cattle control.
  • Can be dropped or removed for weed removal.
  • Less likely to collect flood debris.
  • Comparatively cheap to erect and maintain.
  • Quick and easy to erect.
  • Curved fence line possible.
  • Fewer posts required.
  • Longer life.
  • Not adequate for sheep and lambs.
  • Not suitable where vegetation overgrowth likely
  • Droppers may be needed depending on post spacing.
  • Stock require “training”.

 

$500-700
(plus cost of energiser: mains power, battery or solar available)

Option 2. 4 (or more) wire electric fence
  • Suitable for cattle and sheep
  • Can be dropped or removed for weed control.
  • Still less likely to collect flood debris.
  • Still quick to erect.
  • Still comparatively cheap.
  • Curved fence line possible.
  • Longer life.
  • May not be adequate for lambs.
  • Not suitable where vegetation overgrowth likely
  • Needs an electricity supply.
  • Droppers may be needed depending on post spacing.
  • Costs increase with wire increase.
  • Stock require “training”.

$650+
(plus cost of energiser: mains power, battery or solar available)

Option 3. 2 wire electric fence with mesh at base
  • Effective against most stock (including lambs).
  • Relatively quick to erect.
  • Strong.

 
  • Susceptible to flood damage.
  • Higher maintenance costs.
  • Increased erection costs.
  • Limited ability to follow natural stream curve.
  • Less droppers required.

$1000-1600

Option 4. Plain and barb wire fence
  • Collects less flood debris.
  • Cheaper than mesh fences.

 
  • Requires more posts and droppers.
  • Not as effective in stock control.
  • Limited ability to follow natural stream curve.
  • Susceptible to rust.

Plain wire $550-700

Barb wire $650-1000

Option 5. Prefabricated mesh fence, eg Ringlock® or Hingejoint®
  • Very effective in stock control (especially lambs).
  • Strong.
  • Contain “inbuilt” droppers reducing costs.
  • Quickly erected.
  • Prone to collect flood debris.
  • Expensive.
  • High maintenance costs.
  • Limited ability to follow natural stream curve.
  • Susceptible to rust.

$800-1600

The cost of erecting a permanent electric fence is approximately half that for a conventional or suspension fence. When properly constructed and maintained electric fences are the least expensive and most effective fences for riparian zones.

Alternative fencing options

Drop fences: Designed to either be manually dropped before a flood or drop from their anchor points and fold down when under the pressure of floodwater and debris.

Electronic fences: The stock wear a receiver and transmitter boxes are located to form a boundary between the riparian area and the rest of the paddock an “invisible fence”. The receivers respond by producing an audio signal and then an electric stimulus to the animal’s ear if it attempts to enter the riparian area.

The difference between cattle access

The difference between cattle access (right side of the fence) and cattle exclusion (left side of the fence). Note the reduced pugging and more diverse and healthy vegetation on the left. Photo: L. Bogie

www.dpi.nsw.gov.au