Bovine Diarrhoea

Common Infectious Causes

Bacteria

Escherichia coli K99

Enterotoxigenic E. coli K99 is one of the more pathogenic E. coli strains that has been identified as a cause of diarrhoea in neonates. Susceptibly is age specific, with fimbria only able to adhere to the intestinal epithelium within approximately 2 days of birth. Concurrent infections can extend this time of susceptibility, with disease commonly occurring within the first 4 days of life.

Salmonella

Many different strains of Salmonella have been identified as a cause of diarrhoea in cattle of all ages. In addition to diarrhoea, Salmonellosis can also present as respiratory disease, joint-ill and sudden death. To determine treatment and prevention options, selective culture is necessary to enable serotyping of any isolates. Antibiotic resistance is reported in Australia, therefore, performing antibiotic sensitivity on any Salmonella isolates is recommended. Antibiotic sensitivity and Salmonella serotyping may be requested following isolation of Salmonella (additional charges apply).

Yersinia

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica are known causes of severe diarrhoea and sometimes death in cattle. Cases are most common in winter and early spring, often associated with recent flooding or waterlogged pastures.

Parasites

Cryptosporidium parvum

The main species of pathogenic concern for calves is Cryptosporidium parvum. Disease is most common in calves between 4 days and 4 weeks of age.

Coccidia

Coccidiosis is typically a disease of older calves, often around weaning, however, disease can occur in calves as early as 3 to 4 weeks of age. Animals can be infected with low numbers of organism without disease. Faeces from affected calves can contain blood.

Round worms

Several species of round worms (eg Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostumum radiatum) can infect pasture-grazing cattle and be associated with diarrhoea, significantly impacting production.

Viruses

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is the most commonly diagnosed cause of calf diarrhoea in Australia, commonly affecting calves between 4 days and 2 weeks of age, occasionally as old as 6 weeks old. Morbidity can be high while mortality is often low. Concurrent infections are common.

Coronavirus

A less common viral cause of diarrhoea in calves compared to Rotavirus, most often affecting calves between 1-3 weeks of age. Concurrent infections are common. Winter dysentery in older cattle is another disease presentation.

Additional causes of Bovine Diarrhoea

Bacteria

Clostridium perfringens Type C
Johne’s Disease

Viruses

Pestivirus

Parasites

Rumen fluke

Nutritional

Ruminal acidosis
Cobalt or selenium deficiency
Copper deficiency
Nitrate/Nitrite
Dietary indiscretion
Excessive salt intake
Lush pasture

Toxicity

Plant
Chemical
Copper
Nitrate/nitrite

Liver disorders

Heart failure

Toxaemia

Diagnosis and tests available

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is supported by history, clinical signs, pathology and supportive tests

Test Package	Animal Age Category	Package Targets
Diarrhoea Bovine Package 1	Neonates (< 4 days of age)	Escherichia coli K99 Salmonella sp.
Diarrhoea Bovine Package 2	Pre-weaned calves	Cryptosporidium sp. Salmonella sp. Rotavirus Coronavirus Coccidia
Diarrhoea Bovine Package 3	Adults	Salmonella sp. Yersinia sp. Coccidia Round worms

See below for pricing, sample requirements and other test information.

Bovine Diarrhoea Test Packages

Click on + in the tables below for sampling requirements and additional test information

Code	Name	Samples required	Species	Turnaround time	Price (excl. GST)	Notes
DIAB_PK1_1	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 1 (neonates) - Escherichia coli K99, Salmonella sp. - 1 sample	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$98.80	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
DIAB_PK1_2	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 1 (neonates) - Escherichia coli K99, Salmonella sp. - 2+ samples (Price per sample)	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$83.50	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
DIAB_PK2_1	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 2 (pre-weaned calves) - Salmonella sp., Cryptosporidium sp., Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Coccidia - 1 sample	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$150.85	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
DIAB_PK2_2	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 2 (pre-weaned calves) - Salmonella sp., Cryptosporidium sp., Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Coccidia - 2+ samples (Price per sample)	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$135.00	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
DIAB_PK3_1	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 3 (adults) - Salmonella sp., Yersinia sp., Coccidia, round worms - 1 sample	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$124.00	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
DIAB_PK3_2	Diarrhoea Bovine Package 3 (adults) - Salmonella sp., Yersinia sp., Coccidia, round worms - 2+ samples (Price per sample)	Faeces Collect individual fresh faeces (minimum 15g) from affected animals prior to treatment. Submit chilled. If pre-weaned calves are intensively managed, faecal samples can be stored chilled in a fridge prior to being submitted as a batch. A minimum of 5 samples is recommended for a representative pathogen profile of the affected management group. A greater number of samples could be indicated for larger management groups.	Bovine	Up to 5D	$111.00	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.

Bovine Diarrhoea Individual Tests

Click on + in the tables below for sampling requirements and additional test information

Code	Name	Samples required	Species	Turnaround time	Price (excl. GST)	Notes	Test days
CORONA_PCR	Bovine Coronavirus Real Time PCR*	Faeces, fresh tissue, Swab (PBGS)	Bovine	2-3D	$101.25	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
CE_K99	Diarrhoea Bovine Calf Enteric Test Strip – E. coli K99	Faeces	Bovine (calf < 6 weeks)	1-2D	$36.25	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
Various	Faecal Egg Count (Worm Test)	Faeces: 10g faeces per animal (Individual testing) Order a Worm Test Kit Submit chilled for FEC only. If larval diff is requested also, please do not chill.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Equine, Camelid	1-2D	$18.90	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³ The following FEC are not NATA accredited tests, however, are conducted in a NATA accredited laboratory: FEC Avian, FEC Dog and FEC Pig. Note: Larval differentiation is performed if the faecal egg count is > 100 eggs per gram. Results are presented as % Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Haemonchus. This test must be specifically requested on the submission form if required.	Monday- Friday
Various	Faecal Egg Count (2 pools of up to 10 samples) (Worm test)	Faeces: 5g faeces per animal (submitted individually, pooled testing in the lab) Order a Worm Test Kit Submit chilled for FEC only. If larval diff is requested also, please do not chill.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Camelid	1-2D	$41.55	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³ The following FEC are not NATA accredited tests, however, are conducted in a NATA accredited laboratory: FEC Avian, FEC Dog and FEC Pig. Note: Larval differentiation is performed if the faecal egg count is > 100 eggs per gram. Results are presented as % Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Haemonchus. This test must be specifically requested on the submission form if required.	Monday- Friday
Various	Faecal Egg Count (Up to 10 individual samples) (Worm test)	Faeces: 10g faeces per animal (Individual testing) Order a Worm Test Kit Submit chilled for FEC only. If larval diff is requested also, please do not chill.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Equine, Camelid	1-2D	$67.20	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³ The following FEC are not NATA accredited tests, however, are conducted in a NATA accredited laboratory: FEC Avian, FEC Dog and FEC Pig. Note: Larval differentiation is performed if the faecal egg count is > 100 eggs per gram. Results are presented as % Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Haemonchus. This test must be specifically requested on the submission form if required.	Monday- Friday
SIMP_FLOT	Flotation concentration (alternative to wet prep)	Faeces Gastro-intestinal content Aliquot of gut scraping Submit chilled	All species	1-2D	$16.85	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday - Friday
FLUKE_QUAL	Fluke (Liver/Stomach) Detection- Individual testing (Not export) (presence/absence)	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal (Individual testing) Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months. Clearly label samples to identify animal ID's. All pooling will occur in the lab if requested. Submit chilled	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Camelid and Equine	3-5D	$37.10	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
FLU_QUAL_2	Fluke (Liver/Stomach) Detection- 2 pools of 5 samples (presence/absence)	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal (submitted individually, pooled testing in the lab) Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Camelid and Equine	3-5D	$58.50	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
FLU_QUAL_5	Fluke (Liver/Stomach) Detection- 5 pools of 2 samples (presence/absence)	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal (submitted individually, pooled testing in the lab) Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Camelid and Equine	3-5D	$100.65	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
FEC_FLUKE	Fluke Egg Count (Liver/Stomach)- Individual testing- (Not export)	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal (submitted individually) Individual testing Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine and Camelid	3-5D	$48.80	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
WT_FLUKE_2	Fluke Egg Count (Liver/Stomach)- 2 pools of 5 samples	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal submitted individually, pooled testing in the lab) Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine and Camelid	3-5D	$96.90	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
WT_FLUKE_5	Fluke Egg Count (Liver/Stomach)- 5 pools of 2 samples	Faeces: 20g faeces per animal submitted individually, pooled testing in the lab) Disease Investigation: Samples collected from each of at least ten animals in the flock or herd previously diagnosed with liver fluke and treated in the previous five months.	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine and Camelid	3-5D	$172.75	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday- Friday
HIST_HE1	Histopathology – Preparation & Examination	Fixed Tissues- General Fresh tissues immediately placed in formalin Tissue pieces should not be greater than 1cm cubed to ensure proper fixation Submit fixed in neutral buffered formalin at a 10:1 ratio of formalin: tissue Fixed Tissues- Nervous tissues Submission of whole brain is required to ensure preservation of TSE target sites submit fixed in neutral buffered formalin at a ratio of 10:1 formalin: tissue Brains submitted for Nervous tissues are processed once a week, separate to general tissues to ensure consistent and reliable results. Urgent cases can be processed out of cycle if clearly marked on the Submission Form however this may reduce the quality of the brain histology results, so should only be requested in extremely urgent cases. Fresh Tissues Fresh tissues can be submitted following necropsy The quality of the tissues will be reduced due to the effects of autolysis so ideally fixed tissue should be submitted in neutral buffered formalin at a ratio of 10:1 formalin: tissue	All species	Up to 10D	$78.65	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday - Friday
JD_CLT_LIQ	Johne's Disease Individual Faecal & Tissue Culture plus Indicator*	Faeces or fresh tissue Faeces: Collect half (minimum) to two-thirds (maximum) of a 70 ml yellow top sterile specimen container. Fresh Tissue: Obvious lesions (gut thickening and lymph node enlargement) collected in separate sterile containers. Below are ideal sites, typical of those required for MAP certification, for different animal types. Cattle: Intestinal portions of 5 cm x 10 cm Proximal ileum (30-45 cm anterior to ICV) Terminal ileum (11-20 cm anterior to ICV) Ileocaecal valve (ICV) and attached segment of ileum Proximal colon Ileal lymph node Ileocaecal lymph node Goats and alpaca: Intestinal portions of 5 cm in length Jejunum Proximal and terminal ileum Ileocaecal valve and attached segment of ileum Proximal colon Ileal lymph node Ileocaecal lymph node Sheep: Entire ileocaecal valve (ICV) Ileocaecal lymph nodes Ileal (caudal jejunal) lymph nodes Two 10 cm pieces of ileum (one proximal and one distal (terminal) One 10cm piece of proximal colon One 10cm piece of caecum (for histopathology only)	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine	14-16W	$116.60	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. JD Culture requires several consecutive processes; therefore, new cultures are not set up over the Christmas/ New Year period. Samples received during this time will be held at -80°C for processing in the New Year and will have an extended turnaround time. General requirements Store samples chilled (4°C) prior to transit and submit chilled (4°C). Samples should be sent to the laboratory within 48 hours of collection.	Sample processing begins on Monday for faeces or Tuesday for tissues
Various	Johne's Disease ELISA	Clotted blood (Red top) 10ml clotted blood (minimum of 2ml of serum) collected in a red top tube Submit chilled Lith hep (Green top) 10ml of Lith-Hep blood collected in a green top tube Submit chilled Milk	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine and Deer	Up to 5D	$14.65	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Monday to Friday
PEST_SK_SE	Pestivirus Antigen ELISA (PACE) – Serum or Skin (PRICE TIER A: 1–9 samples)	CATTLE Clotted blood (Red top) For animals over 3 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Ear Notch- - Dead animals and foetuses Ear notch (skin) can be used for animals of any age Submit chilled in sterile container or in ear notch media When sampling groups of >10 animals, ear notch samples should be submitted in ear notch media (media can be requested online) Fresh Tissues- - Dead animals and foetuses Spleen, lung or lymph node Submit chilled SHEEP Clotted blood (red top tube) For animals over 2 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Fresh Tissue- Dead animals and foetuses Fresh lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph node - collect aseptically Whole lamb or foetus (and foetal membranes) Submit chilled in an insulated container	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine	5-7D	$18.55	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³EDTA and ear notch are not suitable samples for Ovine or Caprine - clotted blood only.	Batch tested 2-3 times weekly
PEST_SK_SE	Pestivirus Antigen ELISA (PACE) – Serum or Skin (PRICE TIER B:10-19 samples)	CATTLE Clotted blood (Red top) For animals over 3 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Ear Notch- - Dead animals and foetuses Ear notch (skin) can be used for animals of any age Submit chilled in sterile container or in ear notch media When sampling groups of >10 animals, ear notch samples should be submitted in ear notch media (media can be requested online) Fresh Tissues- - Dead animals and foetuses Spleen, lung or lymph node Submit chilled SHEEP Clotted blood (red top tube) For animals over 2 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Fresh Tissue- Dead animals and foetuses Fresh lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph node - collect aseptically Whole lamb or foetus (and foetal membranes) Submit chilled in an insulated container	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine	5-7D	$13.65	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³EDTA and ear notch are not suitable samples for Ovine or Caprine - clotted blood only.	Batch tested 2-3 times weekly
PEST_SK_SE	Pestivirus Antigen ELISA (PACE) – Serum or Skin (PRICE TIER C:>20 samples)	CATTLE Clotted blood (Red top) For animals over 3 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Ear Notch- - Dead animals and foetuses Ear notch (skin) can be used for animals of any age Submit chilled in sterile container or in ear notch media When sampling groups of >10 animals, ear notch samples should be submitted in ear notch media (media can be requested online) Fresh Tissues- - Dead animals and foetuses Spleen, lung or lymph node Submit chilled SHEEP Clotted blood (red top tube) For animals over 2 months of age collect 10 ml of blood into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled Fresh Tissue- Dead animals and foetuses Fresh lung, spleen and mesenteric lymph node - collect aseptically Whole lamb or foetus (and foetal membranes) Submit chilled in an insulated container	Bovine, Ovine, Caprine	5-7D	$11.65	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ³EDTA and ear notch are not suitable samples for Ovine or Caprine - clotted blood only.	Batch tested 2-3 times weekly
PEST_RTPCR	Pestivirus Real–time PCR	CATTLE & SHEEP Blood (Red top) 10 ml of blood collected into a plain red top tube Do not use serum separator tubes. Submit chilled EDTA blood (Purple top) 10 ml of blood collected into an EDTA purple tube Submitted chilled Semen Semen straws or raw semen (please contact Customer Service prior to submission. For regulatory testing samples must be shipped at specified temperatures) Fresh Tissue- Dead animals and foetuses CATTLE: Spleen, lung or lymph node SHEEP: Spleen, lung or mesenteric lymph node. Whole lamb or foetus (and foetal membranes) Submit chilled in an insulated container CATTLE ONLY Milk Bulk milk Submit chilled, ideally in milk preservative. If milk preservative is unavailable samples may be frozen prior to submission. Swab in PBGS Nasal swab collected from affected animal Send in viral transport media (PBGS) PBGS can be requested online Used in cases of respiratory disease, where one is trying to detect acute infections rather than PI animals.	Bovine, Ovine	2-3D	$101.25	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	According to demand
ROTA_PCR	Rotavirus Real–time PCR*	Faeces	Bovine, Porcine	2-3D	$101.25	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
SALM_CLT	Salmonella – Selective culture	Fresh tissue Portions of liver, kidney, lung, bile, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and small intestinal contents collected from dead animals. Submit chilled. Faeces Faecal samples can be submitted from live animals. Submit chilled. MINIMUM of 10 grams required per animal (ruminants) for export of health testing. Environmental samples	All species	3-7D¹	$76.00	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays. ¹4 - 7 working days for export, health testing or environmental samples	Monday to Saturday¹
YERS_CLT	Yersinia sp. culture	Tissue, PM sample, swab	Bovine, Ovine, Porcine	3-4D	$42.30	D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.
ZOET_MULTI	Diarrhoea Bovine Calf Multi-pathogen Test Strip (E. coli K99, Cryptosporidium sp., Rotavirus, Coronavirus)*	Faeces Minimum of 10g submitted in a sterile container	Bovine	2D	$71.80	* Denotes analyses not covered by the NATA scope of accreditation. D (number of working days) and W (number of weeks). Test TAT does not include weekends and public holidays.	Upon request

Additional Information

Customer Service

Contact Customer Service for enquiries relating to testing and results, quotations and pricing, couriers, sample submission and invoicing.

NSW DPIRD's laboratories are committed to continual improvement of services. If you would like to provide feedback, please fill in and submit the online feedback form.

CONTACT DETAILS
Phone	1800 675 623
Email	laboratory.services@dpird.nsw.gov.au
Operating Hours	8:30am-4:30pm Monday-Friday (excluding public holidays) 8:30am-12:00pm Saturday (for deliveries only)
Postal Address	Private Bag 4008, Narellan NSW 2567

Submission Forms

Veterinary Specimen Advice Form

Please Note: These documents are not fully web accessible, please contact Customer Service (laboratory.services@dpird.nsw.gov.au) for more information.

Courier services and specimen delivery

For NSW submissions, please contact the relevant Customer Service team for courier account details and to order consignment notes.

For submitters outside of NSW, Couriers can be contacted directly to make bookings and arrange collection of packages at the submitters own cost.

Commercial couriers may use either road or air transport and specimens should therefore be packed in accordance with International Air Transport Association (IATA) requirements. Most submission sent by veterinarians to the APHL for testing are defined as “Biological Substance Category B” and must be packed according to the IATA packing instructions 650 (Biological Substance Category B). As requirements for transport can change, customers should consult with their transport agent to obtain current requirements.

Samples may also be hand delivered to the site during normal business hours (8.30am - 4.30pm).

Sample Type	Laboratory	Street Address
Animal (including aquatic animals)	NSW Animal and Plant Health Laboratories (APHL)	EMAI, Woodbridge Road, Menangle NSW 2568

Bovine Diarrhoea

Common Infectious Causes

Bacteria

Parasites

Viruses

Additional causes of Bovine Diarrhoea

Bacteria

Viruses

Parasites

Nutritional

Toxicity

Liver disorders

Heart failure

Toxaemia

Diagnosis and tests available

Diagnosis

Bovine Diarrhoea Test Packages

Bovine Diarrhoea Individual Tests

General requirements

CATTLE

SHEEP

CATTLE

SHEEP

CATTLE

SHEEP

CATTLE & SHEEP

CATTLE ONLY

Additional Information

Customer Service

Submission Forms

Courier services and specimen delivery